American literature in colonial period was occurred slowly than British. The revolution of American occurs between England and England’s colony in America. In colonial period, American country doesn’t United States of America. The England’s colonies are Connecticut, New York, Georgia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, etc. In 1607 is the first of settlement which can keep stay in Jamestown, Virginia. They are interesting to stay at Jamestown, because they challenge with the wealth and experience.
In 1620, the British who called Pilgrims Fathers (the people who contra with Church’s view) stays at Plymouth, Massachusetts. They are interested to make society be nice than finding gold. Over the next century, Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay Colony were joined by other colonies, including Pennsylvania, settled largely by Quakers fleeing persecution in England; Connecticut, established by a man fleeing persecution by the Puritans in Massachusetts; Maryland, which the English king granted to an English Catholic named Lord Baltimore; and Georgia, which had been established for English debtors.
* The picture of Mayflower’s ship which carry Pilgrims Fathers to America.
Bythe1760s, England and its 13 American colonies were quarreling over settlement, government, and taxes, especially those imposed by the Stamp Act of 1765. Finally, in 1775, skirmishes broke out in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. In 1776, Thomas Paine rallied colonists with a pamphlet called Common Sense, and Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence.
Over the next five years, General George Washington led the Americans against the British. In 1781, a surrender of some 8,000 British troops at Yorktown, Virginia--coupled with growing resentment against the war in England--led the British to give up the colonies. England officially recognized American independence in the Treaty of Paris, negotiated by Benjamin Franklin and others in 1783.
“From the establishment of Jamestown to the Treaty of Paris and to some extent even afterward, American culture strongly resembled British culture. As literary critic David Shields has noted, American taste in both commercial goods such as wigs and snuffboxes and in literature closely paralleled British taste. It would be a mistake, however, to think of America as merely a transplanted England.”
All of the colonists had to settle for far fewer high-brow cultural diversions than their counterparts in London, Paris, or Vienna. Plays, concerts, and museums were all rare in the colonies, even in the major cities--Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston. Still, Americans found entertainment in folk music, conversation, a handful of books, and newspapers. By 1750, every major city had a newspaper, and by the first half of the 18th century some colonists could even borrow books from America's first subscription library, established by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia.
*The image of Benjamin Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin is the famous promoter of literature in Colonial Period.
He is also the one of leader American Revolution. He is a multitalented man. His jobs are journalist, publisher, author, etc. He starts 12th years old in journalist’s world. He as a volunteer in his brother’s publishing house. His written about developing for colonial are widespread.
1. A suspect appears in court and
reacts to a question posed by the judge in the following way:
A:You are John Smith?
B:I’ve been asked that three times already during the
investigations.
You
should know by now.
Explain in terms of objectives
and situation what is going wrong in this communication.
Answer:
The function of A’s utterance could be that A
wants to make B feel at ease by using the question from for the illocution
“request”. A’s objective has a specific effect: B makes it clear that the
illocution is misunderstanding. The strongly influenced by the situation in
which the utterance takes place. The question “You are John Smith?” is asked by
someone. It doesn’t function as a means of starting a conversation but as an
interview and the B’s answer is disconnect with the question.
2. Explain why “language” and
“marriage” can also be seen as institutions.
Answer:
Because it is used to describe
those activities by which individuals construct and maintain a society it is
showing as the mediators between individuals and society as a whole, or as the
means by which individual can form a society. Moreover, “language” and
“marriage” have an ethical aspect.
3. What is the similarity between
the institution concepts as it is used in section 5.2 and the meaning of word
‘institution’ in the Institutia Oratoria by Quintillian and Calvin’s Religionis
Christianae Institutio?
Answer:
The similarity between the
institution concept and the meaning of the word institutions is can be viewed
as the mediators between individuals and society as a whole or as the means by
which individuals can form a society.
4. Divide fragment (3) using the
strategies given in (4).
Answer:
a. Role behavior:
To
clarify behavioral expectations for a role before the interviewing process
begins.
b. Differentiation trends
c. Institutional power
8. Describe the miscommunication
in the following dialogue using the concepts ‘objective’, ‘effect’, and
‘situation’.
A:(conductor speaking to a passenger in the no-smoking section
of a train)
Sir,
there is no smoking here.
B.(passenger holding up a lit cigarette)
Then
what does it look like I’m doing?
Answer:
~ The dialogue between two people
is occurred miscommunication concept there are to forbidden activities and to be
misunderstanding about the utterance of A.
~ The objective is to give the
information that “there is no smoking there”. It is included the information
discourse, but “B” is miscommunication about information from “A”.
~ The effect is to describe the
phenomena that influenced by the forbidden to smoking.
~ The situation is described of evidence of pattern
that could influence the interpretation, from the dialogue between A and B is
occurred opposite meaning from the understanding of “B”.
1. What kinds of cohesion are used in the text and explain the meaning each comprehensively!
Answer:
Kinds of cohesion are used in the text are:
Substitution according to Michael Halliday and Ruquaiya Hassan (1976) is the replacement of a word (group) or sentence segment by a ‘dummy’ word.
Reference according to Michael Halliday and Ruquaiya Hassan (1976) is the act of referring to a preceding or following element, deals with semantic relationship.
Conjunction according to Michael Halliday and Ruquaiya Hassan (1976) is a relationship which indicates how the subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the preceding or the following (parts of the) sentence.
Lexical Cohesion according to Michael Halliday and Ruquaiya Hassan (1976) does not deal with grammatical and semantic connections but with connections based on the word used.
Ellipsis according to Michael Halliday and
Ruquaiya Hassan (1976) is the omission of a word or part of a sentence is
closely related to substitution.
Analyze sentences in the text:
Paragraph 1
An article in Campus magazine
entitled “Publics Participation For Education” by Miftakhul Khoiri presents the
first school Taman Siswa built by Ki
Hajar Dewantara. (1) Education paradigm is growing in Indonesia to
fulfill the sprit of education these days. Citizens should get competent
education. (2) Education is responsibility by government and the side of
private sector individual and group. (3) Because of limited cost, the
government opens the opportunity for public to participate and develop business
education such as; building opening schools, courses, or skill education with
facilities more complete and better than government schools. (4) The Supported
by complete and good facilities make this school rather expensive because it
also promises the good management on its education.
1. Education paradigm is
growing in Indonesia
to fulfill the sprit of education these days.
~The word ‘education’ refers to lexical
cohesion that is repetition.
2. Education is responsibility by
government and the side of private sector individualandgroup.
~ In the sentence contain word
‘and’ which refers to the conjunction addition information.
~ The word “individual’ and ‘group’
refers to lexical cohesion that is antonymy.
3. Because of limited
cost, the government opens the opportunity for public to participate and
develop business education such as; building opening schools, courses, or
skill education with facilities more complete and better than government
schools.
~ In the sentence contain word
‘because’ which refers to the conjunction causality.
~ Then in the sentence contain
word ‘and’, ‘or’ which refers to the conjunction addition information.
~ In the sentence also contain lexical
cohesion that is hyponymy business education such as; building opening
schools, courses, or skill education with facilities more complete and better
than government schools.
4. Supported by complete and good facilities make
this school rather expensive becauseit also promises the good
management on its education.
~ In the sentence contain word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
~ In the sentence contain word ‘because’ which refers to
the conjunction causality.
~The word ‘it’ refers to substitution of school.
Paragraph 2
(5) Indonesia
has pesantren as education system (Islamic
boarding house models). (6) It is classified into two models: First
Traditional, it does not collect the payment from the students and students can
stay and study freely. (7) They study about Islamic science for the sake of
individual and public. The traditional pesantren
still be one choice by our society under class social. (8)Second, Modern pesantren collects the payment of the
students because it gives more ability and knowledge for students. (9)They do
not only study about Islam but also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics,
Economics, Physics, Language and Art. They are prepared to face the era that
always changes.
5. Indonesia
has pesantren as education system (Islamic
boarding house models).
~In the sentence the word “pesantren” have a
reiteration which include synonymy part because pesantren synonymy
with the phrase Islamic boarding house.
6.It
is classified into two models: First Traditional, it does not
collect the payment from the studentsandstudents can
stay and study freely.
~ The word ‘it’ in above sentence is an anaphoric that is
references which mean pesantren. And, ‘it’ also repetition of anaphoric
references which mean pesantren.
~ In the sentence contain word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
~ Then in the sentence contain
word ‘students’ refers to the lexical cohesion that is repetition.
7. They study about Islamic
science for the sake of individualandpublic.
~ In the sentence contain word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
~ The word “individual’ and
‘public’ refers to lexical cohesion that is antonymy.
8. Second, Modern pesantren collects the payment of the
students becauseit gives more ability and knowledge for
students.
~ In the sentence contain word ‘because’ which refers to
the conjunction causality.
~The word ‘it’ refers to substitution of pesantren.
~ In the sentence contain word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
9. They do not only study about Islam but
also other sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics,
LanguageandArt.
~ Pronoun ‘They” in this sentence is anaphoric
referring to Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Language and Art.
~ In the sentence contain word ‘but’ which refers to the conjunction
shows the contrary between two clauses.
~ The sentence also contains lexical cohesion that is
hyponymy that is sciences like Biology, Mathematics, Economics, Physics,
Language and Art.
~ Then sentence contains word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
Paragraph 3
(10) Without being realized the friction could be happened
from motivation of organizer and management of existing education. (11) To get
the good education with their equipment of facility they perform forced the
citizen get dealing with power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive
school and that also is for rich man children. (12) Poor people who have not
the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal education. (13) Government
and private sector individually and group have big homework to repair their
education inspect that aims on making organization of education.
10. Without already realized the friction that could be happened
from motivation of organizer and management of existing education.
~ The sentence contains word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
11. To get the good education with their equipment of
facility they perform forced the citizen get dealing with power of
bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also
is for rich man children.
~ The word ‘they’ in this sentence is kataphoric from the
word “citizen”
~ The sentence contains word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
12. Poor people who have not the purchasing power to
bargain they will lose their formal education.
~ The word ‘they’ and ‘their’ refers to reference
pronoun that is ‘Poor people’.
13. Government and private sector individuallyandgroup have big homework to repair theireducation
inspect that aims on making organization of education.
~ The word ‘their’ refers to reference pronoun that
is ‘Government and private sector’.
~ The sentence contains word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
~ The word ‘education’ refers to lexical cohesion that
is repetition.
~ The word “individual’ and ‘public’ refers to lexical
cohesion that is antonymy.
Paragraph 4
(14) I agree with the writer who
says that about publics participation for education is importance. (15) He says
that the education not only managed by government, but also the society has
contribution to build education together, about how they create good education,
both the facilities, system and soon. The government should think that all the
society level can enjoy education reasonably. (16) Moreover, to get good
education with equipment of facility they perform to force the citizen get the
power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and that also is for
rich man children. (17) I think that the middle society should optimalize
brilliant brain to be able to compete with others. (18) The writer says that
the poor people who have not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose
their formal education. (19) I think that this statement is true. (20) The
government and the private school should really provide scholarship for the
students who have competence to enjoy education.
14. I agree
with the writer who says that about publics participation for education is
importance.
~ The pronoun “I” reference
to summary’s writer she is Fitri Nurwiyanti.
15. He says that
the education not only managed by government, but also the
society has contribution to build education together, about how they
create good education, both the facilities, system and soon.
~ The pronoun “He” reference
to the writer the article he is Miftakhul Khoiri.
~ The word ‘education’ refers to lexical
cohesion that is repetition.
~ In the sentence contain
word ‘but’ which refers to the conjunction shows the contrary between two
clauses.
~ The sentence contains
word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction addition information.
16. Moreover, to get good education with
equipment of facility they perform to force the citizen get the
power of bargain and faces the reality of expensive school and
that also is for rich man children.
~ The sentence contains word ‘moreover’ which refers to the
conjunction addition information.
~ The pronoun “They” reference to the government and
private sector.
~ The sentence contains word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
17. I think that the middle society
should optimalize brilliant brain to be able to compete with others.
~ Pronoun ‘I” in this sentence is anaphoric
referring to summary’s writer she is Fitri Nurwiyanti.
~ Pronoun ‘others” in this sentence is anaphoric
referring to citizen.
18. The writer says that the poor people who have
not the purchasing power to bargain they will lose their formal
education.
~ The word ‘they’ and ‘their’ refers to reference
pronoun that is ‘The poor people’.
19. I think that this statement is true
~ Pronoun ‘I” in this sentence is anaphoric
referring to summary’s writer she is Fitri Nurwiyanti.
20. The governmentand the private
school should really provide scholarship for the students who have competence
to enjoy education.
~ The sentence contains word ‘and’ which refers to the conjunction
addition information.
~ The word “government’ and ‘private’ refers to lexical
cohesion that is antonymy.
~ In this sentence also have Ellipsis that is
the word “Indonesia”.
1. Discourse is a linguistic unit which more larger than sentence usually extended expression of thought on a subject.
2.
Tough Times
The Jakarta Post, June 2009
The global financial crisis has rocked the world, and its effects are being felt in these parts, too. A onetime favorite restaurant in Kuningan, South Jakarta, closed its doors recently due to poor business, a few friends of friends have lost their jobs and media report a downturn in ad placements after the brouhaha of the election campaign.
But it’s still hard to figure out the real impact of the crisis on Indonesia, as contributing writer Maggie Tiojakin finds in the cover story this month. Some are saying that its effects will be limited, because the local economy is more reliant on global powerhouse China than the US. Others are sounding a more cautionary note, warning that the crisis this time is unlike anything we have experienced before, including the 1998 regional downturn.
Indonesia has been through a lot in its young history and continues to endure, much like the venerable Taman Sari restaurant that we profile in this issue. It is also planning to change with the times, while still retaining its classic core.
Cohesion and Deixis
1. The global financial crisis has rocked the world, and its effects are being felt in these parts, too.
~ The word its refers to the word The global financial crisis. (Substitution)
~ The phrase felt in refers to Spatial Deixis.
2. A onetime favorite restaurant in Kuningan, South Jakarta, closed its doors recently due to poor business, a few friends of friends have lost their jobs and media report a downturn in ad placements after the brouhaha of the election campaign.
~ The word its refers to the A onetime favorite restaurant. (Substitution)
~ The word their refers to a few friends. (Personal Reference)
~The word and signals the presentation of causality information. (Conjunction)
~The word after signals the presentation of temporality information. (Conjunction)
~ The phrase downturn in refers to Spatial deixis.
3. But it’s still hard to figure out the real impact of the crisis on Indonesia, as contributing writer Maggie Tiojakin finds in the cover story this month. Spatial deixis
~ The conjunction “but” shows the contrary.
4. Some are saying that its effects will be limited, because the local economy is more reliant on global powerhouse China than the US.
~ The word because signals the presentation of causality information. (Conjunction)
5. Others are sounding a more cautionary note, warning that the crisis this time is unlike anything we have experienced before, including the 1998 regional downturn.
~ The word before signals the presentation of temporality information. (Conjunction)
6. Indonesia has been through a lot in its young history and continues to endure, much like the venerable Taman Sari restaurant that we profile in this issue.
~ The word its refers to the Indonesia. (Substitution)
~ The word and signals the presentation of addition information. (Conjunction)
~ The word we can also be used to denote a segment of a group. (Person Deixis)
7. It is also planning to change with the times, while still retaining its classic core.
~ The word its refers to the times. (Substitution)
Dona: Look! _____
Mother: Yes, that's right. Father told me that it was also comfortable.
Dona: will it take us to Bali?
Mother: I think so.
a. How nice it is!
b. What a big plane it is!
c. How expensive it is!
d. What a horrible plane!
* The picture of Mayflower’s ship which carry Pilgrims Fathers to 
*The image of Benjamin Franklin.